Introduction
Geosynthetics are synthetic products that are used to enhance the properties of the soil. They are typically polymeric products and depending on the form they come in and their function, they can be grouped as:
- geotextiles
- geogrids
- geonets
- geomembranes
- geosynthetic clay liners
- geofoam
- geocells
- geocomposites
Disclaimer: The videos used in this resource aim to provide students a more practice-oriented training and are not intended to promote specific products or companies.
Geotextiles
The term geotextile refers to a permeable synthetic material, typically coming in the form of fabric, which is used in conjunction with soil. Generally, it is produced from polyester or polypropelene polymers.
Geotextile fabrics come in three basic forms:
- woven (resembling mail bag sacking),
- needle punched (resembling felt), and
- heat bonded (resembling ironed felt).
Textiles have been used since the ancient times to support the foundations of heavy structures. In their present form, the earlier uses can be traced back to the 1950s, when geotextiles were used as a filtration means to protect precast concrete seawalls from corrosion.
Figure 4.3. Coconet (coconut fibre geotextile)
Link
Geotextiles and their uses (Youtube)
Geotextile Applications
Geotextiles and geotextile-based products have various applications in civil engineering projects, such as retaining structures, roads, embankments, dams, reservoirs, coastal protection, etc.
They are used in order to filter, separate, drain, or increase soil stability. Specifically:
- Filtration: The geotextile is used as a filtration mechanism to filter out specific substances that can be harmful to the structure. Also, it can be used to limit the amount of liquid that passes through it, so that the soil behind the textile is not eroded.
- Drainage: Typically non-woven geotextiles are designed so that they allow water to travel only in a single direction, hence enhancing the drainage of wet soils.
- Separation: Geotextiles are often used in road construction to keep the different materials in the substructure separate.
- Reinforcement: They can be used on slopes at the tension surface to strengthen the soil.
- Sealing: The fabric can be infused with asphalt or the other substances to make the surface impermeable.
Figure 4.5. Geogrid and geotextile used to prevent materials from mixing (separation function).
Geogrids
Geogrids are a category of geosynthetic materials used to reinforces soils. Their typical uses are on the reinforcement of retaining walls, or sub-bases of roads.
There are three main categories of geogrids, depending on their manufacturing process.
The first category is called unitized or homogeneous geogrids, often referred to as 'punched and drawn geogrids' due to their manufacturing process.
The second category of geogrids use bundles of polyethylene-coated polyester fibres as the reinforcing component, made on textile weaving machinery. This type of geogrids is more flexible, textile-like.
The third category of geogrids are made by laser or ultrasonically bonding together polyester or polypropylene rods or straps in a grid-like pattern.
Figure 4.6. Geogrid samples.
Wikimedia / public domain
Figure 4.7. Geogrid (knitted).
Figure 4.8. Geogrids on an old landfill, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
Links
Geogrid production line (Youtube)
Installation af GS-Grid geonet ved Gubsø i Silkeborg 2014 (Youtube)
Geonets
Geonets are synthetic materials similar to geogrids, made from polyethylene resin.
They are manufactured by a continuous extrusion process in a net-like shape in two or three layers of threads (typically referred to as’ ribs’) homogenously connected together.
Their main use is for in-plane drainage of liquids or gases, so their in-plane hydraulic flow rate is of particular importance.
Wikimedia / public domain
Figure 4.9. Samples of different types of geonets.
Geomembranes
Geomembranes are synthetic membranes typically made from thin continuous polymeric sheets with very low permeability.
Alternatively, they are made from geotextiles treated with asphalt of other similar substances to render them virtually impermeable. They are used to control the flow of fluids near in civil engineering projects.
They have various civil engineering applications and, so, they are the most commonly used geosynthetics.
Wikimedia / public domain
Figure 4.10. Different geomembrane samples.
Geosynthetic Clay Liners
Geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) are composite sheets consisting of very low permeability materials such as bentonite, supported by geotextiles or geomembranes.
They are produced by mechanically or chemically connecting together two or more layers of geosynthetics. They are typically used as hydraulic barriers to prevent seepage from landfills.
Wikimedia / public domain
Figure 4.11. Geosynthetic clay liners samples.
Links
Geofoam
Geofoam is expanded or extruded polystyrene typically used in the form or large lightweight blocks. Its main use is to replace the soil underneath highways, allowing for the stresses to distribute better on the ground, but reducing the surcharge, as their unit weight is smaller than that of the soil on site.
Wikimedia / public domain
Figure 4.12. Geofoam synthesis.
Figure 4.13. Stacked geofoam blocks.
Figure 4.14. Geofoam block bridge overpass
Figure 4.15. SR 99 Tunnel south portal from Atlantic Street overpass, Sept. 2018
Links
The Geofoam solution (Youtube)
Geofoam use in Colorado (Youtube)
Geocells
Geocells, i.e. cellular confinement systems (CCS), are honeycomb-shaped geosynthetic confinement systems used to protect soil from erosion and slope stabilisation.
They are also used to reinforce the soil, increasing its load-bearing capacity. They are made of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) strips or novel polymeric alloy (NPA).
Typically, they are flexible enough to be transported to site folded and they are expanded on site.
Link
Geocomposites
Geocomposites are synthetic products which are produced from two or more geosynthetic products, so that they combine their properties in order to best fit specific applications. Commonly used types of geocomposites are:
- Geotextile-geonet composites, typically used to prevent seepage from landfill;
- Geotextile-geomembrane composites, that are a higher-strength alternative to geomembranes which can also perform as a drainage medium;
- Geotextile-geogrid composites, used to provide in-plane drainage and tensile reinforcement;
- Geomembrane-geogrid composites, used for their enhanced friction resistance and strength;
British Standards on Geotextiles
While geotextiles have been used since the 1950s, British Standards on their testing can be traced back to 1989 (BS 6906-3:1989).
A list of British Standards on Geotextiles available on the BSI website can be found in Table 4.1 below:
Table 4.1. Standards adopted in the UK on geotextiles and geotextile-related products.
Document |
Description |
Status |
Date |
ASTM D1987 - 18 |
Standard Test Method for Biological Clogging of Geotextile or Soil/Geotextile Filters |
Current |
01/02/2018 |
ASTM D2643/D2643M - 08(2019) |
Standard Specification for Prefabricated Bituminous Geomembrane Used as Canal and Ditch Liner (Exposed Type). |
Current |
15/02/2019 |
ASTM D4594/D4594M - 96(2015)E1 |
Standard Test Method for Effects of Temperature on Stability of Geotextiles . |
Current |
05/01/2015 |
ASTM D4595 - 17 |
Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Strip Method. |
Current |
01/06/2017 |
ASTM D4751 - 20 |
Standard Test Methods for Determining Apparent Opening Size of a Geotextile. |
Current |
01/01/2020 |
ASTM D4884/D4884M - 14a |
Standard Test Method for Strength of Sewn or Bonded Seams of Geotextiles. |
Current |
05/01/2014 |
ASTM D5101 - 12(2017) |
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Filtration Compatibility of Soil-Geotextile Systems. |
Current |
15/02/2017 |
ASTM D5261 - 10(2018) |
Standard Test Method for Measuring Mass per Unit Area of Geotextiles. |
Current |
01/07/2018 |
ASTM D5262 - 07(2016) |
Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Unconfined Tension Creep and Creep Rupture Behavior of Geosynthetics. |
Current |
01/06/2016 |
ASTM D5493 - 06(2016) |
Standard Test Method for Permittivity of Geotextiles Under Load. |
Current |
01/01/2016 |
ASTM D5567 - 94(2018) |
Standard Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Ratio (HCR) Testing of Soil/ Geotextile Systems |
Current |
01/06/2018 |
ASTM D5970/D5970M - 16 |
Standard Test Method for Deterioration of Geotextiles from Outdoor Exposure. |
Current |
01/01/2016 |
ASTM D6140 - 00(2014) |
Standard Test Method to Determine Asphalt Retention of Paving Fabrics Used in Asphalt Paving for Full-Width Applications. |
Current |
01/01/2014 |
ASTM D6241 - 14 |
Standard Test Method for Static Puncture Strength of Geotextiles and Geotextile-Related Products Using a 50-mm Probe. |
Current |
07/01/2014 |
ASTM D6461/D6461M - 18 |
Standard Specifications for Silt Fence Materials. |
Current |
01/01/2018 |
ASTM D6462 - 19 |
Standard Practice for Silt Fence Installation and Maintenance. |
Current |
15/06/2019 |
ASTM D6497/D6497M - 02(2015)E1 |
Standard Guide for Mechanical Attachment of Geomembrane to Penetrations or Structures . |
Current |
05/01/2015 |
ASTM D6637/D6637M - 15 |
Standard Test Method for Determining Tensile Properties of Geogrids by the Single or Multi-Rib Tensile Method. |
Current |
15/07/2015 |
ASTM D6638 - 18 |
Standard Test Method for Determining Connection Strength Between Geosynthetic Reinforcement and Segmental Concrete Units (Modular Concrete Blocks). |
Current |
15/07/2018 |
ASTM D6685 - 01(2015) |
Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Fabrics Used for Fabric Formed Concrete (FFC). |
Current |
15/02/2015 |
ASTM D6707/D6707M - 06(2019) |
Standard Specification for Circular-Knit Geotextile for Use in Subsurface Drainage Applications. |
Current |
15/02/2019 |
ASTM D6825 - 14e1 |
Standard Guide for Placement of Riprap Revetments. |
Current |
01/02/2014 |
ASTM D6884 - 03(2015)E1 |
Standard Practice for Installation of Articulating Concrete Block (ACB) Revetment Systems. |
Current |
01/11/2015 |
ASTM D6916 - 18 |
Standard Test Method for Determining the Shear Strength Between Segmental Concrete Units (Modular Concrete Blocks). |
Current |
15/07/2018 |
ASTM D6917 - 16 |
Standard Guide for Selection of Test Methods for Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVD). |
Current |
15/02/2016 |
ASTM D7001 - 20 |
Standard Specification for Geocomposites for Pavement Edge Drains and Other High-Flow Applications. |
Current |
01/01/2020 |
ASTM D7178 - 16E1 |
Standard Practice for Determining the Number of Constrictions "m" of Non-Woven Geotextiles as a Complementary Filtration Property. |
Current |
01/06/2016 |
ASTM D7273/D7273M - 08(2020) |
Standard Guide for Acceptance Testing Requirements for Geonets and Geonet Drainage Geocomposites. |
Current |
01/06/2020 |
ASTM D7409 - 15 |
Standard Test Method for Carboxyl End Group Content of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Yarns . |
Current |
15/02/2015 |
ASTM D7556 - 10(2019) |
Standard Test Methods for Determining Small-Strain Tensile Properties of Geogrids and Geotextiles by In-Air Cyclic Tension Tests. |
Current |
01/04/2019 |
ASTM D7701 - 11 |
Standard Test Method for Determining the Flow Rate of Water and Suspended Solids from a Geotextile Bag . |
Current |
10/01/2011 |
ASTM D7737/D7737M - 15 |
Standard Test Method for Individual Geogrid Junction Strength . |
Current |
01/07/2015 |
ASTM D7748/D7748M - 14E1 |
Standard Test Method for Flexural Rigidity of Geogrids, Geotextiles and Related Products. |
Current |
04/07/2016 |
ASTM D7852 - 13 |
Standard Practice for Use of an Electrically Conductive Geotextile for Leak Location Surveys. |
Current |
15/01/2013 |
ASTM D7880/D7880M - 13 |
Standard Test Method for Determining Flow Rate of Water and Suspended Solids Retention from a Closed Geosynthetic Bag. |
Current |
07/01/2013 |
BS 6906-3:1989 |
Methods of test for geotextiles. Determination of water flow normal to the plane of the geotextile under a constant head |
Superseded, Withdrawn |
30/11/1989 |
BS 6906-8:1991 |
Methods of test for geotextiles. Determination of sand-geotextile frictional behaviour by direct shear |
Superseded, Withdrawn |
29/03/1991 |
BS EN 12224:2000 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Determination of the resistance to weathering. |
Current |
15/11/2000 |
BS EN 12225:2000 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Method for determining the microbiological resistance by a soil burial test. |
Current, Work in hand |
15/11/2000 |
BS EN 12226:2000 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. General tests for evaluation following durability testing. |
Revised, Withdrawn |
15/11/2000 |
BS EN 12447 |
. Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Screening test method for determining the resistance to hydrolysis in water. |
Current, Draft for public comment |
28/05/2020 |
BS EN 12447:2001 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Screening test method for determining the resistance to hydrolysis in water. |
Work in hand, Current |
03/12/2001 |
BS EN 13249:2001 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in the construction of roads and other trafficked areas (excluding railways and asphalt inclusion). |
Revised, Withdrawn |
15/02/2001 |
BS EN 13249:2014+A1:2015 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in the construction of roads and other trafficked areas (excluding railways and asphalt inclusion). |
Revised, Superseded, Withdrawn |
28/02/2014 |
BS EN 13249:2016 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in the construction of roads and other trafficked areas (excluding railways and asphalt inclusion). |
Current |
31/10/2016 |
BS EN 13249:2016 - TC |
Tracked Changes. Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in the construction of roads and other trafficked areas (excluding railways and asphalt inclusion). |
Current |
25/02/2020 |
BS EN 13250:2001 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in the construction of railways. |
Revised, Withdrawn |
15/02/2001 |
BS EN 13250:2014+A1:2015 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in the construction of railways. |
Revised, Superseded, Withdrawn |
28/02/2014 |
BS EN 13250:2016 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in the construction of railways. |
Current |
31/10/2016 |
BS EN 13250:2016 - TC |
Tracked Changes. Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in the construction of railways. |
Current |
25/02/2020 |
BS EN 13251:2001 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in earthworks, foundations and retaining structures. |
Revised, Withdrawn |
15/02/2001 |
BS EN 13251:2014+A1:2015 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in earthworks, foundations and retaining structures. |
Revised, Superseded, Withdrawn |
28/02/2014 |
BS EN 13251:2016 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in earthworks, foundations and retaining structures. |
Current |
31/10/2016 |
BS EN 13251:2016 - TC |
Tracked Changes. Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in earthworks, foundations and retaining structures. |
Current |
25/02/2020 |
BS EN 13252:2001 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in drainage systems. |
Revised, Withdrawn |
15/02/2001 |
BS EN 13252:2014+A1:2015 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in drainage systems |
Revised, Superseded, Withdrawn |
28/02/2014 |
BS EN 13252:2016 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in drainage systems. |
Current |
31/10/2016 |
BS EN 13252:2016 - TC |
Tracked Changes. Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in drainage systems. |
Current |
25/02/2020 |
BS EN 13253:2001 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in erosion control works (coastal protection, bank revetments). |
Revised, Withdrawn |
15/02/2001 |
BS EN 13253:2014+A1:2015 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in erosion control works (coastal protection, bank revetments). |
Revised, Superseded, Withdrawn |
28/02/2014 |
BS EN 13253:2016 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in erosion control works (coastal protection, bank revetments). |
Current |
31/10/2016 |
BS EN 13253:2016 - TC |
Tracked Changes. Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in erosion control works (coastal protection, bank revetments). |
Current |
25/02/2020 |
BS EN 13254:2001 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in the construction of reservoirs and dams. |
Revised, Withdrawn |
15/02/2001 |
BS EN 13254:2014+A1:2015 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in the construction of reservoirs and dams. |
Revised, Superseded, Withdrawn |
28/02/2014 |
BS EN 13254:2016 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for the use in the construction of reservoirs and dams. |
Current |
31/10/2016 |
BS EN 13254:2016 - TC |
Tracked Changes. Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for the use in the construction of reservoirs and dams. |
Current |
25/02/2020 |
BS EN 13255:2001 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in the construction of canals. |
Revised, Withdrawn |
15/02/2001 |
BS EN 13255:2014+A1:2015 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in the construction of canals. |
Revised, Superseded, Withdrawn |
28/02/2014 |
BS EN 13255:2016 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in the construction of canals. |
Current |
31/10/2016 |
BS EN 13255:2016 - TC |
Tracked Changes. Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in the construction of canals. |
Current |
25/02/2020 |
BS EN 13256:2001 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in the construction of tunnels and underground structures. |
Revised, Withdrawn |
15/02/2001 |
BS EN 13256:2014+A1:2015 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in the construction of tunnels and underground structures. |
Revised, Superseded, Withdrawn |
28/02/2014 |
BS EN 13256:2016 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in the construction of tunnels and underground structures. |
Current |
31/10/2016 |
BS EN 13256:2016 - TC |
Tracked Changes. Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in the construction of tunnels and underground structures |
Current |
26/02/2020 |
BS EN 13257:2001 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in solid waste disposals. |
Revised, Withdrawn |
15/02/2001 |
BS EN 13257:2014+A1:2015 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in solid waste disposals. |
Revised, Superseded, Withdrawn |
28/02/2014 |
BS EN 13257:2016 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in solid waste disposals. |
Current |
31/10/2016 |
BS EN 13257:2016 - TC |
Tracked Changes. Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in solid waste disposals. |
Current |
25/02/2020 |
BS EN 13265:2001 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in liquid waste containment projects. |
Revised, Withdrawn |
15/02/2001 |
BS EN 13265:2014+A1:2015 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in liquid waste containment projects. |
Revised, Superseded, Withdrawn |
28/02/2014 |
BS EN 13265:2016 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in liquid waste containment projects. |
Current |
31/10/2016 |
BS EN 13265:2016 - TC |
Tracked Changes. Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in liquid waste containment projects. |
Current |
25/02/2020 |
BS EN 13562:2000 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Determination of resistance to penetration by water (hydrostatic pressure test). |
Current |
15/10/2000 |
BS EN 13719:2002 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Determination of the long term protection efficiency of geotextiles in contact with geosynthetic barriers. |
Revised, Withdrawn |
15/10/2002 |
BS EN 13738:2004 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Determination of pullout resistance in soil. |
Current, Under review |
15/12/2004 |
BS EN 14030:2001 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Screening test method for determining the resistance to acid and alkaline liquids. |
Current, Under review |
11/07/2002 |
BS EN 15381 |
. Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in pavements and asphalt overlays |
Draft for public comment, Current |
03/07/2018 |
BS EN 15381:2008 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Characteristics required for use in pavements and asphalt overlays. |
Current, Under review |
30/04/2009 |
BS EN 1897:2001 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Determination of the compressive creep properties. |
Superseded, Withdrawn |
06/09/2001 |
BS EN 918:1996 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Dynamic perforation test (Cone drop test). |
Superseded, Withdrawn |
15/07/1996 |
BS EN 963:1995 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Sampling and preparation of test specimens. |
Superseded, Withdrawn |
15/06/1995 |
BS EN 964-1:1995 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Determination of thickness at specified pressures. Single layers |
Superseded, Withdrawn |
15/06/1995 |
BS EN 965:1995 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Determination of mass per unit area. |
Superseded, Withdrawn |
15/06/1995 |
BS EN ISO 10320:1999 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Identification on site. |
Superseded, Withdrawn |
15/06/1999 |
BS EN ISO 10776:2012 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Determination of water permeability characteristics normal to the plane, under load. |
Confirmed, Current |
31/10/2012 |
BS EN ISO 11058:1999 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Determination of water permeability characteristics normal to the plane, without load. |
Revised, Withdrawn |
15/05/1999 |
BS EN ISO 11058:2010 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Determination of water permeability characteristics normal to the plane, without load. |
Superseded, Withdrawn |
31/05/2010 |
BS EN ISO 11058:2019 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Determination of water permeability characteristics normal to the plane, without load. |
Current |
10/07/2019 |
BS EN ISO 11058:2019 - TC |
Tracked Changes. Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Determination of water permeability characteristics normal to the plane, without load. |
Current |
28/02/2020 |
BS EN ISO 12956:1999 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Determination of the characteristic opening size. |
Revised, Withdrawn |
15/05/1999 |
BS EN ISO 12956:2010 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Determination of the characteristic opening size |
Superseded, Withdrawn |
31/05/2010 |
BS EN ISO 12956:2020 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Determination of the characteristic opening size. |
Current |
23/01/2020 |
BS EN ISO 12958:1999 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Determination of water flow capacity in their plane. |
Revised, Withdrawn |
15/05/1999 |
BS EN ISO 12958:2010 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Determination of water flow capacity in their plane. |
Current, Project Underway |
31/05/2010 |
BS EN ISO 12958-1 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Determination of water flow capacity in their plane. Part 1. Index test |
Current, Draft for public comment |
26/04/2019 |
BS EN ISO 12958-2 |
. Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Determination of water flow capacity in their plane. Part 2. Performance test |
Current, Draft for public comment |
26/04/2019 |
BS EN ISO 12960 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Screening test method for determining the resistance to acid and alkaline liquids. |
Current, Draft for public comment |
13/11/2018 |
BS EN ISO 13426-1:2003 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Strength of internal structural junctions. Geocells |
Superseded, Withdrawn |
18/07/2003 |
BS EN ISO 13426-1:2019 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Strength of internal structural junctions. Geocells |
Current |
13/12/2019 |
BS EN ISO 13426-2:2005 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Strength of internal structural junctions. Geocomposites |
Under review, Current |
06/09/2005 |
BS EN ISO 13427:1998 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Abrasion damage simulation (sliding block test).. |
Revised, Superseded, Withdrawn |
15/12/1998 |
BS EN ISO 13437:1998 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Method for installing and extracting samples in soil, and testing specimens in laboratory. |
Superseded, Withdrawn |
15/12/1998 |
BS EN ISO 13438:2004 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Screening test method for determining the resistance to oxidation. |
Superseded, Withdrawn |
15/12/2004 |
BS EN ISO 13438:2018 |
Geosynthetics. Screening test method for determining the resistance of geotextiles and geotextile-related products to oxidation. |
Current |
08/01/2019 |
BS EN ISO 13438:2018 - TC |
Tracked Changes. Geosynthetics. Screening test method for determining the resistance of geotextiles and geotextile-related products to oxidation. |
Current |
28/02/2020 |
BS EN ISO 9863-2:1996 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Determination of thickness at specified pressures. Procedure for determination of thickness of single layers of multilayer products |
Current |
15/12/1996 |
BS EN ISO 9864:2005 |
Geosynthetics. Test method for the determination of mass per unit area of geotextiles and geotextile-related products. |
Current, Under review |
09/03/2005 |
BS ISO 22182:2020 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Determination of index abrasion resistance characteristics under wet conditions for hydraulic applications. |
Current |
12/06/2020 |
DD ENV 12224:1997 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Determination of the resistance to weathering. |
Revised, Withdrawn |
15/03/1997 |
DD ENV 12225:1997 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Method for determining the microbiological resistance by a soil burial test. |
Withdrawn, Revised |
15/03/1997 |
DD ENV 12226:1997 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. General tests for evaluation following durability testing. |
Revised, Withdrawn |
15/03/1997 |
DD ENV 12447:1998 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Screening test method for determining the resistance to hydrolysis. |
Revised, Withdrawn |
15/04/1998 |
DD ENV ISO 10722-1:1998 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Procedure for simulating damage during installation.. Installation in granular materials |
Revised, Withdrawn |
15/10/1998 |
DD ENV ISO 12960:2000 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Screening test method for determining the resistance to liquids. |
Superseded, Withdrawn |
15/07/2000 |
DD ENV ISO 13438:2000 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Screening test method for determining the resistance to oxidation. |
Revised, Withdrawn |
15/07/2000 |
ISO 12960:2020 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. Screening test methods for determining the resistance to acid and alkaline liquids. |
Current |
29/05/2020 |
PD CEN/TR 15019:2005 |
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products. On-site quality control |
Current |
22/02/2006 |
PD CR ISO 13434:1999 |
Guidelines on durability of geotextiles and geotextile-related products. |
Superseded, Withdrawn |
15/06/1999 |